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Authentication

You can implement user authentication ("Login with X" buttons) in your Flet app using 3rd-party identity providers such as GitHub, Google, Azure, Auth0, LinkedIn and others.

Identity provider must support OAuth 2.0 Authorization Code Flow to retrieve API access token.

Built-in Flet login with credentials and user management is planned for future releases. If you have a requirement to create and manage user accounts in your app you can implement it by your own or use Auth0 identity provider which provides a generous free tier.

Flet authentication features:

  • Works with Flet desktop, web and mobile apps.
  • Using multiple authentication providers in one app.
  • Built-in OAuth providers with automatic user details fetching:
    • GitHub
    • Azure
    • Google
    • Auth0
  • Optional groups fetching.
  • Automatic token refresh.
  • Login with a saved token ("Remember me").
  • Custom OAuth providers.

Login process overview​

  • Configure OAuth provider (built-in or generic) with Client ID, Client secret, Redirect URL.
  • Call page.login(provider) to initiate OAuth web flow.
  • User is being redirected to OAuth provider website.
  • On provider website user signs in and gives consent to access service API with requested scopes.
  • Provider website redirects to Flet's OAuth callback URL with authorization code.
  • Flet exchanges authorization code for a token and calls page.on_login event handler.
  • Flet app can retrieve API token from page.auth.token property and user details from page.auth.user.

Configuring OAuth provider​

Flet has the following built-in OAuth providers:

  • GitHub
  • Azure
  • Google
  • Auth0

Additionally, you can configure a generic OAuth provider and provide authorization, token and user info endpoints.

In this guide we will configure Flet login page with GitHub account.

To integrate Flet authentication with GitHub a new GitHub OAuth app should be registered first (Profile settings → Developer settings → OAuth Apps).

Authorization callback URL should be in the format:

{application-url}/oauth_callback

On OAuth app details page click "Generate a new client secret" button. Copy "Client ID" and "Client secret" values to a safe place - you'll need them in a Flet app.

Sign in with OAuth provider​

import os

import flet as ft
from flet.auth.providers import GitHubOAuthProvider

GITHUB_CLIENT_ID = os.getenv("GITHUB_CLIENT_ID")
assert GITHUB_CLIENT_ID, "set GITHUB_CLIENT_ID environment variable"
GITHUB_CLIENT_SECRET = os.getenv("GITHUB_CLIENT_SECRET")
assert GITHUB_CLIENT_SECRET, "set GITHUB_CLIENT_SECRET environment variable"

def main(page: ft.Page):
    provider = GitHubOAuthProvider(
        client_id=GITHUB_CLIENT_ID,
        client_secret=GITHUB_CLIENT_SECRET,
        redirect_url="http://localhost:8550/oauth_callback",
    )

    def login_click(e):
        page.login(provider)

    def on_login(e):
        print("Login error:", e.error)
        print("Access token:", page.auth.token.access_token)
        print("User ID:", page.auth.user.id)

    page.on_login = on_login
    page.add(ft.ElevatedButton("Login with GitHub", on_click=login_click))

ft.app(target=main, port=8550, view=ft.WEB_BROWSER)
caution

Notice, we are fetching OAuth app client ID and client secret from an environment variables. Do not embed any secrets into source code to avoid accidential exposure to a public!

Before running the app set the secret environment variables in a command line:

$ export GITHUB_CLIENT_ID="<client_id>"
$ export GITHUB_CLIENT_SECRET="<client_secret>"

Run the program and click "Login with GitHub" button. GitHub authorize app page will be opened in:

  • Desktop app - a new browser window or tab.
  • Web app - a new popup window (make sure popup blocker is off).
  • Mobile app - an in-app web browser.

Redirect URL​

We used http://localhost:8550/oauth_callback as a redirect URL while registering GitHub OAuth app. Notice it has a fixed port 8550. To run your Flet app on a fixed port use port argument in flet.app call:

ft.app(target=main, port=8550)

Scope​

Most of OAuth providers allows applications to request one or more scopes to limit application's access to a user's account.

Built-in Flet providers, by default, request scopes to access user profile, but you can request additional scopes in login method, like public_repo in the example above:

page.login(
    provider,
    scope=["public_repo"])

page.login() method has a number of arguments to control authentication process:

  • fetch_user (bool) - whether to fetch user details into page.auth.user. Default is True.
  • fetch_groups (bool) - whether to fetch user groups into page.auth.user.groups. Default is False.
  • scope - a list of scopes to request.
  • saved_token - a JSON snapshot of page.auth.token to restore authorization from. Token can be serialized with page.auth.token.to_json(), encrypted and saved in page.client_storage. See below.
  • on_open_authorization_url - a callback to open a browser with authorization URL. See below.
  • complete_page_html - a custom HTML contents of "You've been successfully authenticated. Close this page now" page.
  • redirect_to_page (bool) - used with Flet web app only when authorization page is opened in the same browser tab.

The result of page.login() call is an instance of Authorization class with the following fields:

  • token - OAuth token used to access provider's API. See below.
  • user - user details with a mandatory id field and other fields specific to OAuth provider.
  • provider - an instance of OAuth provider used for authorization.

A reference to the last authorization is saved in page.auth property.

If your app allows authorizations with multiple OAuth providers you can save authorizations in a session, for example:

page.session["github_auth"] = page.login(github_provider)
page.session["google_auth"] = page.login(google_provider)

Checking authentication results​

Upon successful or failed authorization page.on_login event handler is called.

Event handler argument e is an instance of LoginEvent class with the following properties:

  • error (str) - OAuth error.
  • error_description (str) - OAuth error description.

Authorization was successful if error is an empty string.

You can use this event handler to toggle signed in/out UI, for example:

import os

import flet
from flet import ElevatedButton, LoginEvent, Page
from flet.auth.providers import GitHubOAuthProvider

def main(page: Page):
    provider = GitHubOAuthProvider(
        client_id=os.getenv("GITHUB_CLIENT_ID"),
        client_secret=os.getenv("GITHUB_CLIENT_SECRET"),
        redirect_url="http://localhost:8550/oauth_callback",
    )

    def login_button_click(e):
        page.login(provider, scope=["public_repo"])

    def on_login(e: LoginEvent):
        if not e.error:
            toggle_login_buttons()

    def logout_button_click(e):
        page.logout()

    def on_logout(e):
        toggle_login_buttons()

    def toggle_login_buttons():
        login_button.visible = page.auth is None
        logout_button.visible = page.auth is not None
        page.update()

    login_button = ElevatedButton("Login with GitHub", on_click=login_button_click)
    logout_button = ElevatedButton("Logout", on_click=logout_button_click)
    toggle_login_buttons()
    page.on_login = on_login
    page.on_logout = on_logout
    page.add(login_button, logout_button)

flet.app(target=main, port=8550, view=flet.WEB_BROWSER)

Accessing user details​

If page.login() method is called with fetch_user=True (default) a user profile will be assigned to page.auth.user.

All built-in OAuth providers implement user.id property - unique user identifier - which value depends on the provider (a number, Guid or email) and can be used in your app as a user key.

The rest of user profile properties depends on provider and can be accessed with an indexer. For example, to print some properties of GitHub user:

print("Name:", page.auth.user["name"])
print("Login:", page.auth.user["login"])
print("Email:", page.auth.user["email"])

Using OAuth token​

Upon successful authorization page.auth.token will contain OAuth token that can be used to access providers's API. Token object has the following properties:

  • access_token - access token used as an authorization token in API request header.
  • scope - token's scope.
  • token_type - access token type, e.g. Bearer.
  • expires_in - optional number of seconds when access token expires.
  • expires_at - optional time (time.time() + expires_in) when access token expires.
  • refresh_token - optional refresh token which is used to get a new access token, when the old one expires.

Usually, only page.auth.token.access_token is needed to call provider's API, for example to list user's GitHub repositories:

import requests
headers = {"Authorization": "Bearer {}".format(page.auth.token.access_token)}
repos_resp = requests.get("https://api.github.com/user/repos", headers=headers)
user_repos = json.loads(repos_resp.text)
for repo in user_repos:
    print(repo["full_name"])
note

Do not save a reference to page.auth.token somewhere in your code, but rather call page.auth.token every time you need to grab access token. page.auth.token is a property which automatically refreshes OAuth token if/when it expires.

Correct code:

access_token = page.auth.token.access_token

Wrong code:

token = page.auth.token
# some other code
access_token = token.access_token # token could expire by this moment

Saving and restoring an auth token​

To implement persistent login ("Remember me" checkbox on login page) you can save auth token in a client storage and use it to login next time a user opens your Flet app.

To serialize auth token to JSON:

jt = page.auth.token.to_json()
caution

Encrypt sensitive data before sending it to a client storage.

Flet includes utility methods for encrypting text data using symmetric algorithm (where the same key is used for encryption and decryption). They use Fernet implementation from cryptography package, which is AES 128 with some additional hardening, plus PBKDF2 to derive encryption key from a user passphrase.

To encrypt JSON token:

import os
from flet.security import encrypt, decrypt

secret_key = os.getenv("MY_APP_SECRET_KEY")
# returns base64-encoded string
ejt = encrypt(jt, secret_key)
caution

Notice, we are fetching a secret key (aka passphrase, password, etc.) from an environment variable. Do not embed any secrets into source code to avoid accidential exposure to a public!

Before running the app set the secret in a command line:

$ export MY_APP_SECRET_KEY="<secret>"

Now, encrypted value can be stored in a client storage:

page.client_storage.set("myapp.auth_token", ejt)

Next time a user opens the app you can read encrypted token from a client storage and, if it exists, decrypt it and use in page.login() method:

ejt = page.client_storage.get("myapp.auth_token")
if ejt:
    jt = decrypt(ejt, secret_key)
    page.login(provider, saved_token=jt)

See complete app example.

Signing out​

Calling page.logout() resets page.auth reference and triggers page.on_logout event handlers.

You can remove saved token in logout method, for example:

def logout_button_click(e):
    page.client_storage.remove(AUTH_TOKEN_KEY)
    page.logout()

See complete app example.

Customizing authorization flow​

By default, OAuth authorization flow is happening in either new browser window/tab (desktop app), browser popup window (web) or in-app web view (mobile).

Upon completion of authorization flow a user is redirected to Flet's OAuth callback page (/oauth_callback) which tries to close a browser window/tab with JavaScript and provides user with instructions to close the window manually if JavaScript close didn't work.

This section is applicable to Flet desktop and web apps only as in-app web view in mobile apps can be closed by Flet without relying on JavaScript.

You can customize the contents of "Authorization complete" page in page.login() method, for example:

complete_page_html = """
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head>
    <title>Signed in to MyApp</title>
  </head>
<body>
  <script type="text/javascript">
      window.close();
  </script>
  <p>You've been successfully signed in! You can close this tab or window now.</p>
</body>
</html>
"""

page.login(
    provider,
    complete_page_html=complete_page_html,
)

You can also change web app to open provider's authorization page in the same tab which might be more familiar to your users and save them from dealing with popup blockers:

page.login(
    provider,
    on_open_authorization_url=lambda url: page.launch_url(url, web_window_name="_self"),
    redirect_to_page=True
)

To open flow in a new tab (notice _self replaced with _blank):

page.login(
    provider,
    on_open_authorization_url=lambda url: page.launch_url(url, web_window_name="_blank")
)

Configuring a custom OAuth provider​

You can configure any OAuth-compatible authentication provider in your app with flet.auth.oauth_provider.OAuthProvider class.

Following the instructions in LinkedIn Authorization Code Flow guide we are able to get all required parameters to configure LinkedIn OAuth provider to allow users of your Flet app to login with their LinkedIn accounts:

import os

import flet
from flet import ElevatedButton, Page
from flet.auth import OAuthProvider

def main(page: Page):
    provider = OAuthProvider(
        client_id=os.getenv("LINKEDIN_CLIENT_ID"),
        client_secret=os.getenv("LINKEDIN_CLIENT_SECRET"),
        authorization_endpoint="https://www.linkedin.com/oauth/v2/authorization",
        token_endpoint="https://www.linkedin.com/oauth/v2/accessToken",
        user_endpoint="https://api.linkedin.com/v2/me",
        user_scopes=["r_liteprofile", "r_emailaddress"],
        user_id_fn=lambda u: u["id"],
        redirect_url="http://localhost:8550/oauth_callback",
    )

    def login_click(e):
        page.login(provider)

    def on_login(e):
        if e.error:
            raise Exception(e.error)
        print("User ID:", page.auth.user.id)
        print("Access token:", page.auth.token.access_token)

    page.on_login = on_login
    page.add(ElevatedButton("Login with LinkedIn", on_click=login_click))

flet.app(target=main, port=8550, view=flet.WEB_BROWSER)

Mandatory provider settings:

  • client_id
  • client_secret
  • authorization_endpoint
  • token_endpoint
  • redirect_url

Similar to other examples client ID and client secret are fetched from environment variables.